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AC Motor

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Working Principle of AC Motor

We need to give double excitation to make the DC motor spin. In a DC motor, we supply one power source to the stator and the other to the rotor through a brush arrangement. But in an induction motor, we only provide one power source, so it’s interesting to understand how an induction motor works.

Quite simply, as we can understand from the name itself, there is an induction process involved here. When we supply power to the stator windings, a magnetic flux is created in the stator due to the current flow in the coils. The rotor windings are arranged to short-circuit each coil.

The magnetic flux from the stator cuts off the shorted coils in the rotor. Since the rotor coil is shorted, current will start to flow through the rotor coil according to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. When current flows through the rotor coils, another flux is created in the rotor.

Advantages of AC induction motors

The biggest advantage of AC induction motors is their simplicity. They have only one moving part, the rotor, which makes them low-cost, quiet, durable, and relatively trouble-free. In contrast, the commutator and carbon brushes of a DC motor wear out and need to be replaced from time to time. Friction between the brushes and commutator also makes DC motors relatively noisy (and sometimes stinky).

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What controls the speed of an AC motor?

In a synchronous AC motor, the rotor turns at exactly the same speed as the rotating magnetic field; in an induction motor, the rotor always turns at a speed lower than the magnetic field, making it an example of a so-called asynchronous AC motor. The theoretical speed of the rotor in an induction motor depends on the frequency of the AC source and the number of coils that make up the stator, and approaches the speed of the rotating magnetic field when the motor is unloaded. In practice, the load on the motor (whatever it is driving) also plays a role – tending to slow down the rotor. The greater the load, the greater the “slip” between the speed of the rotating magnetic field and the actual speed of the rotor. To control the speed of an AC motor (make it faster or slower) you have to use what is called a variable frequency drive to increase or decrease the frequency of the AC mains. So when you adjust the speed of something like a factory machine powered by an AC induction motor, you’re actually controlling a circuit that turns the frequency of the current that drives the motor up or down.

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AC Induction Motor Construction

An induction motor consists of a rotor called an armature and a stator containing windings connected to a polyphase energy source,
The individual coils in a pair are connected in series and correspond to opposite poles of the electromagnet. That is, one coil corresponds to an N pole and the other coil corresponds to an S pole, until the phase of the AC changes polarity. The other pair of coils is spatially oriented at 90° to the first pair.

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The Basic Operation of an AC Motor

The basic operation of an AC motor depends on the principle of magnetism. Simple AC motors contain a coil and two stationary magnets around the shaft. When an electrical (AC) charge is applied to a coil, it becomes an electromagnet. The electromagnet generates a magnetic field.
Inside the stator, there is a solid metal shaft, a coil, a coil, a squirrel cage made of metal strips and some other freely rotating conductive metal parts. In an AC motor, you send electricity to the outer coils that make up the stator. The coils are energized in pairs in sequence, creating a magnetic field that revolves around the outside of the motor.

How do AC motors work?

01

Alternating current or charging – often abbreviated to AC, hence an alternating current motor – is a current that periodically reverses the direction of flow around a circuit. (This property of switching the direction of current flow also means that the voltage on an AC circuit changes periodically.) By contrast, DC or DC current only flows one way around the circuit, so the voltage on a DC circuit remains relatively constant.

02

AC current, and by extension AC motors, rely on a device called an alternator to generate this direction of AC charging. An alternator is a special type of generator in which an electromagnetic field (EMF) is typically created when current is passed through a rotating shaft (the rotor), which itself rotates around or within a set of static coils (the stator). As the stator rotates, the resulting EMF switches direction or polarity.

03

Periodic reversals of current direction in AC motors occur at regular and predictable intervals because the EMF produced by the energized rotor turning on a fixed shaft will switch polarity at the set point relative to the stator. In practice, the current on an alternator and an AC circuit is a bit like a piston or paddle moving water around a plumbing system – as the piston moves in and out at a constant speed, it in turn pushes and then pulls the water back and forth through the conduit.

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If you need a custom product, or the product you need is not found on our website, don’t worry, more of our products are still uploading. You can email us directly and we will reply you within 24 hours!